Attitude: The POWER of ATTITUDE. Your Attitude Determines Your Altitude

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The scale of values that constructs a person throughout his life, will contribute to the attitudes that manifests. Those provisions that help us to cope against the demands of the environment can encompass in what is called a positive attitude.

Dillard 1994 suggests that message features such as source non-verbal communication, message content, and receiver differences can impact the emotion impact of fear appeals. Positive attitude says: You can achieve success.

What is attitude? What are the different types?

December 2011 Inattitude is a psychological construct, a mental and emotional entity that inheres in, or characterizes a person. It is an individual's predisposed state of mind regarding a value and it is precipitated through a responsive expression toward a person, place, thing, or event the attitude object which in turn influences the individual's thought and action. Prominent psychologist described this latent psychological construct as the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary. Attitude can be what is attitude from a person's past and present. Key topics in the study of attitudes include attitude strength, and attitude-behavior relationships. Most contemporary perspectives on attitudes also permit that people can also be conflicted or toward an object by simultaneously holding both positive and negative attitudes toward the same object. This has led to some discussion of whether individual can hold multiple attitudes toward the same object. An attitude can be as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, events, activities, and ideas. It could be concrete, abstract or just about anything in your environment, but there is a debate about precise definitions. Eagly and Chaiken, for example, define an attitude as a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor. Though it is sometimes common to define an attitude as toward an object, affect i. Attitude may influence the attention to attitude objects, the use of categories for encoding information and the interpretation, judgement and recall of attitude-relevant information. These influences tend to be more powerful for strong attitudes which are accessible and based on elaborate supportive knowledge structure. The durability and impactfulness what is attitude influence depend upon the strength formed from consistency of heuristics. Attitudes can guide encoding information, attention and behaviors, even if the individual is pursuing unrelated goals. Jung's definition of attitude is a readiness of the to act or react in a certain way. Attitudes very often come in pairs, one conscious and the other unconscious. Within this broad definition Jung defines several attitudes. The main but not only attitude dualities that Jung defines are the following. The presence of two attitudes is extremely frequent, one and the other unconscious. This means that consciousness has a constellation of contents different from that of the unconscious, a duality particularly evident in. This pair is so elementary to Jung's theory of types that he labeled them the attitude-types. I conceive reason as an attitude. There is thus a typical thinking, feeling, sensation, and what is attitude attitude. Many of the latter are isms. In addition, Jung discusses the abstract what is attitude. All these have a complex role in determining a person's attitude. Beliefs can be patently and unequivocally false. For example, surveys show that a third of U. It was found that beliefs like these are tenaciously held and highly resistant to change. Another important factor that affects attitude isthese are rife with powerful symbols and charged with affect which can lead to a. Initially, a person develops certain attitudes from his parents, brothers, sister, and elders in the family. There is a high degree of relationship between parent and children in attitudes found in them. The culture, the tradition, the language, etc. Society, tradition, and the culture teach individuals what is and what is not acceptable. September 2012 The classic, tripartite view offered by Rosenberg and Hovland is that what is attitude attitude contains cognitive, affective, and components. Empirical research, however, fails to support clear distinctions between thoughts, emotions, and behavioral intentions associated with a particular attitude. A criticism of the tripartite view of attitudes is that it requires cognitive, affective, and behavioral associations of an attitude to be consistent, but this may be implausible. Thus some views of attitude structure see the cognitive and behavioral components as derivative of affect or affect and behavior as derivative of underlying beliefs. Despite debate about the particular structure of attitudes, there is considerable evidence that attitudes reflect more than evaluations of a particular object that vary from positive to negative. Among numerous attitudes, one example is people's money attitudes which may help people understand their affective love of money motive, stewardship behavior, and money cognition. There is also a considerable interest in intra-attitudinal and inter-attitudinal structure, which is how an attitude is made expectancy and value and how different attitudes relate to one another. Which connects different attitudes to one another and to more underlying psychological structures, such as values or ideology. Affective responses influence attitudes in a number of ways. So this negative affective response is likely to cause you to have a negative attitude towards spiders. The idea that people might infer their attitudes from their previous actions. Many times a person's attitude might be based on the negative and positive attributes they associate with an object. When both are present, behavior will be deliberate. When one is absent, impact on behavior will be spontaneous. Implicit measures are attitudes that are at an unconscious level, that are involuntarily formed and are typically unknown to us. Both explicit and implicit attitudes can shape an individual's behavior. Implicit attitudes, however, are most likely to affect behavior when the demands are steep and an individual feels stressed or distracted. That is, researchers have tried to understand why individuals hold particular attitudes or why they hold attitudes in general by considering how attitudes affect the individuals who hold them. This suggests that in order for attitudes to change e. As an example, the ego-defensive function might be used to influence the racially prejudicial attitudes of an individual who sees themselves as open-minded and tolerant. By appealing to that individual's image of themselves as tolerant and open-minded, it may be possible to change their prejudicial attitudes to be more consistent with their. Similarly, a persuasive message that threatens self-image is much more likely to be rejected. In other words, any attitude that is adopted in a person's own self-interest is considered to serve a utilitarian function. Consider you have a condo, people with condos pay property taxes, and as a result you don't want to pay more taxes. If those what is attitude lead to your attitude that increases in property taxes are bad your attitude is serving a utilitarian function. Knowledge People need to maintain an organized, meaningful, and stable view of the world. That being said important values and general principles can provide a framework for our knowledge. Attitudes achieve this goal by making things fit together and make sense. Ego-Defensive This function involves psychoanalytic principles where people use defense mechanisms to protect themselves from psychological harm. We what is attitude more likely to use the ego-defensive function when we suffer a frustration or misfortune. An example would concern attitudes toward a controversial political issue. The study of attitude formation is the study of how people form evaluations of persons, places or things. Theories of classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning and social learning are mainly responsible for formation of attitude. Unlikeattitudes are expected to change as a function of. In addition, exposure to the 'attitude' objects may have an effect on how a person forms his or her attitude. This concept was seen as the Mere-Exposure Effect. Robert Zajonc showed that people were more likely to have a positive attitude on 'attitude objects' when they were exposed to it frequently than if they were not. Mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude toward it. Tesser 1993 has argued that hereditary variables may affect attitudes - but believes that they may do so indirectly. For example, consistency theories, which imply that we must be consistent in our beliefs and values. As with any type of heritability, to determine if a particular trait has a basis in our genes, twin studies are used. The most famous example of such a theory is theory, associated withwhich explains that when the components of an attitude including belief and behavior are at odds an individual may adjust one to match the other for example, adjusting a belief to match a behavior. Other theories includeoriginally proposed by Heider 1958and theoriginally proposed by. Main article: Attitudes can be changed through and an important domain of research on attitude change focuses on responses to communication. One such trait is intelligence - it seems that more intelligent people are less easily persuaded by one-sided messages. Another variable that has been studied in this category is self-esteem. The mind frame and mood of the target also plays a role in this process. The credibility of a perceived message has been found to be a key variable here; if one reads a report about health and believes it came from a professional medical journal, one may be more easily persuaded than if one believes it is from a popular newspaper. Some psychologists have debated whether this is a long-lasting effect and Hovland and Weiss 1951 found the effect of telling people that a message came from a credible source disappeared after several weeks the so-called. Whether there is a sleeper effect is controversial. Perceived wisdom is that if people are informed of the source of a message before hearing it, there is less likelihood of a sleeper effect than if they are told a message and then told its source. Sometimes presenting both sides of a story is useful to help change attitudes. When people are not motivated to process the message, simply the number of arguments presented in a persuasive message will influence attitude change, such that a greater number of arguments will produce greater attitude change. In the central route to persuasion the individual is presented with the data and motivated to evaluate the data and arrive at an attitude changing conclusion. In the peripheral route to attitude change, the individual is encouraged to not look at the content but at the source. This is commonly seen in modern advertisements that feature celebrities. In some cases, physician, doctors or experts are used. In other cases film stars are used for their attractiveness. Much of attitude research emphasized the importance of affective or emotion components. Emotion works hand-in-hand with the cognitive process, or the way we think, about an issue or situation. Emotional appeals are commonly found in advertising, health campaigns and political messages. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaign advertising emphasizing the fear what is attitude terrorism. Attitudes and attitude objects are functions of cognitive, affective and conative components. By activating an affective or emotion node, attitude change may be possible, though affective and cognitive components tend to be intertwined. In primarily affective networks, it is more difficult to produce cognitive counterarguments in the resistance to persuasion and attitude change. Research suggests that predicting emotions is an important component of decision making, in addition to the cognitive processes. How we feel about an outcome may override purely cognitive rationales. In terms of research methodology, the challenge for researchers is measuring emotion and subsequent impacts on attitude. Since we cannot see into the brain, various models and measurement tools have been constructed to obtain emotion and attitude information. Measures may include the use of physiological cues like facial expressions, vocal changes, and other body rate measures. For instance, fear is associated with raised eyebrows, increased heart rate and increase body tension Dillard, 1994. Other methods include concept or network mapping, and using primes or word cues in the era. Fear is one of the most studied emotional appeals in communication and social influence research. Important consequences what is attitude fear appeals and other emotion appeals include the possibility of reactance which may lead to either message rejections or source rejection and the absence of attitude change. If there is not enough motivation, an attitude will what is attitude change; if the emotional appeal is overdone, the motivation can be paralyzed thereby preventing attitude change. Emotions perceived as negative or containing threat are often studied more than perceived positive emotions like humor. Though the inner-workings of humor are not agreed upon, humor appeals may work by creating incongruities in what is attitude mind. Recent research has looked at the impact of humor on the processing of political messages. While evidence is inconclusive, there appears to be potential for targeted attitude change is receivers with low political message involvement. For example, if a person is not self-efficacious about their ability to impact the global environment, they are not likely to change their attitude or behavior about global warming. Dillard 1994 suggests that message features such as source non-verbal communication, message content, and receiver differences can impact the emotion impact of fear appeals. The characteristics of a message are important because one message can elicit different levels of emotion for different people. Thus, in terms of emotion appeals messages, one size does not fit all. What is attitude accessibility refers to the activation of an attitude from memory in other words, how readily available is what is attitude attitude about an object, issue, or situation. Issue involvement is the relevance and salience of an issue or situation to an individual. Issue involvement has been correlated with both attitude access and attitude strength. Past studies conclude accessible attitudes are more resistant to change. Both theories help explain the link between attitude and behavior as a controlled and deliberative process. The subsequent separation of behavioral intention from behavior allows for explanation of limiting factors on attitudinal influence Ajzen, 1980. The theory of reasoned action was developed by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen 1975, 1980derived from previous research that started out as the theory of attitude, which led to the study of attitude and behavior. The theory was developed from the theory of reasoned action, which was proposed by Martin Fishbein together with Icek Ajzen in 1975. The theory of reasoned action was in turn grounded in various theories of attitude such as learning theories, expectancy-value theories, consistency theories, and attribution theory. According to the theory of reasoned action, if people evaluate the suggested behavior as positive attitudeand if they think their significant others want them to perform the behavior subjective normthis results in a higher intention motivation and they are more likely to do so. A high correlation of attitudes and subjective norms to behavioral intention, and subsequently to behavior, has been confirmed in many studies. The theory of planned behavior contains the same component as the theory of reasoned action, but adds the component of perceived behavioral control to account for barriers outside one's own control. Fazio believes that because there is deliberative process happening, individuals must be motivated to reflect on their attitudes and subsequent behaviors. Simply put, when an attitude is automatically activated, the individual must be motivated to avoid making an invalid judgement as well as have the opportunity to reflect on their attitude and behavior. A counter-argument against the high relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior what is attitude also been proposed, as the results of some studies show that, because of circumstantial limitations, behavioral intention does not always lead to actual behavior. Namely, since behavioral intention cannot be the exclusive determinant of behavior where an individual's control over the behavior is incomplete, Ajzen introduced the theory of planned behavior by adding a new component, perceived behavioral control. By this, he extended the theory of reasoned action to cover non-volitional behaviors for predicting behavioral intention and actual behavior. Attitudes can be difficult to measure because measurement is arbitrary, because attitudes are ultimately a construct that cannot be observed directly. But many and evidence proofed scales are used to examine attitudes. A Likert scale taps agreement or disagreement with a series of belief statements. The Guttman scale focuses on items that vary in their degree of psychological difficulty. The semantic differential uses bipolar adjectives to measure the meaning associated with attitude objects. Supplementing these are several indirect techniques such as unobtrusive, standard physiological, and neuroscientific measures. Following the explicit-implicit dichotomy, attitudes can be examined through direct and indirect measures. Whether attitudes are explicit i. Research onwhich are generally unacknowledged or outside of awareness, uses sophisticated methods involving people's response times to stimuli to show that implicit attitudes exist perhaps in tandem with what is attitude attitudes of the same object. Implicit and explicit attitudes seem to affect people's behavior, though in different ways. They tend not to be strongly associated with each other, although in some cases they are. The relationship between them is poorly understood. These tend to involve bipolar scales e. Explicit measures can also be used by measuring the straightforward attribution of characteristics to nominate groups. Explicit attitudes that develop in response to recent information, automatic evaluation were thought to reflect mental associations through early socialisation experiences. Once formed, these associations are highly robust and resistant to change, as well as stable across both context and time. Hence the impact of contextual influences was assumed to be obfuscate assessment of a person's true and enduring evaluative disposition as well as limit the capacity to predict subsequent behavior. For example, people can be motivated such that they find it socially desirable to appear to have certain attitudes. An example of this is that people can hold implicit attitudes, but express explicit attitudes that report little prejudice. Implicit measures help account for these situations and look at attitudes that a person may not be aware of or want to show. Implicit measures therefore usually rely on an indirect measure of attitude. With little time to carefully examine what the participant is doing they respond according to internal keys. This priming can show attitudes the person has about a particular object. People are often unwilling to provide responses perceived as socially undesirable and therefore tend to report what they think their attitudes should be rather than what they know them to be. More complicated still, people may not even be consciously aware that they hold biased attitudes. Over the past few decades, scientists have developed new measures to identify these unconscious biases. Marketplace Lifestyles in an Age of Social Media. Belief Systems, Religion, and Behavioral Economics. Attitude Change: Persuasion and Social Influence. In Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. Nature and Operation of Attitudes. The rupture of time: Synchronicity and Jung's critique of modern western culture. Retrieved 8 May 2018 — via ResearchGate. Hovland, Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Components of Attitudes. New Haven: Yale University Press 1960. Attitudes: Foundations, Functions, and Consequences. The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology. 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Implicit Measures in Social Cognition Research: Their Meaning and Use. Stereotypic explanatory bias: Implicit stereotyping as a predictor of discrimination. Evaluation is a dynamic process: Moving beyond dual systems models. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. The iterative reprocessing model: A multilevel framework for attitudes and behavior. On defining attitude and attitude theory: Once more with feeling. Attitude strength, attitude structure and resistance to change. How do attitudes guide behavior. Attitude accessibility as a moderator of attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relation: An investigation of the 1984 presidential election. On the importance of heritability in psychological research: What is attitude case of attitudes. Forgas, Joel Cooper, William D. The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change. Attitudes and Attitude Change: Social Psychology. The Psychology of Attitudes and What is attitude Change: Sage Social Psychology Program. Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes. Publisher Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research.

If our attitudes can come from: 1 Our physical well being hormonal fluctuations, diet, etc. This pertains to what a person knows and what a person believes. It is the belief segment of an attitude. It is expressed in conduct, of course; but conduct may fail while the attitude can remain constant. So, attitudes are learned and acquired. Simple visualization techniques anyone can learn, to help you improve your life, find love, attract money, and create a successful and satisfying life. However, it is very difficult for humans to have a full control of these attitudes that are part of it. It's the way you view something. The definition of positive attitude means different things to different people. A person who puts family, health, respect for themselves and others rights, friendship, justice and peace, in its scale of values will surely have a committed and responsible attitude in the development of its existence.